empiricznych

Empiricznych is the genitive plural form of the Polish adjective empiryczny, which describes something that is based on observation, experience, or experiment rather than on theory alone. The term is widely used in scientific, social, and applied research to characterize data, methods, and evidence that come from the real world.

Etymology and meaning: Empiryczny derives from the concept of empiria, meaning experience or experiment. The word entered Polish through scholarly and scientific usage, aligning with similar terms in many European languages that distinguish knowledge gained from observation from purely theoretical reasoning.

Usage in research and discourse: In Polish, empiryczny is used in phrases such as badania empiryczne (empirical studies), dane empiryczne (empirical data), dowody empiryczne (empirical evidence), and metodologia empiryczna (empirical methodology). The form empirycznych appears when describing plural nouns in genitive, dative, or other oblique cases, for example, źródła empirycznych danych (sources of empirical data) or wnioski na podstawie empirycznych obserwacji (conclusions based on empirical observations). The distinction between empirical and theoretical (teoretyczny) is common in academic contexts, particularly in the natural and social sciences.

Context and scope: Empirical approaches emphasize observation, measurement, replication, and statistical analysis. They contrast with theoretical or deductive approaches that rely primarily on abstract reasoning or mathematical models. In practice, many disciplines combine empirical data with theoretical frameworks to develop testable hypotheses and validate conclusions.

See also: empirical data, empirical research, empirical evidence, empirical methodology, nauki empiryczne.