elektronik

Elektronik is the branch of science and engineering that deals with electrical circuits containing active components such as transistors and diodes, as well as passive components like resistors and capacitors. It focuses on the control, processing, and transmission of information and energy through electronic devices.

The field emerged from early studies of electricity and magnetism and was transformed by the invention of the transistor in 1947 and the integrated circuit in the 1950s. These developments enabled compact, reliable, and affordable electronic systems.

Electronics relies on fundamental principles such as Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's laws. It covers analog electronics, which handles continuous signals, and digital electronics, which uses discrete levels and logic.

Core components include resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, and transistors, together with integrated circuits and various sensors. Circuit design often uses operational amplifiers, filters, converters, and power stages.

Major subfields include analog electronics, digital electronics, power electronics, radio frequency (RF) engineering, microelectronics, and embedded systems. Ongoing advances in semiconductors and fabrication enable smaller, faster, and more energy-efficient devices.

Electronics underpins modern technology across multiple sectors, from consumer electronics and telecommunications to computing, automotive systems, medical equipment, and industrial automation.

Education typically occurs within electrical or electronic engineering programs, with safety, reliability, and interoperability guided by national and international standards.

In Indonesian and several other languages, elektronik denotes the field and its devices.