elektromotor

An elektromotor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy by exploiting electromagnetic interaction. In electric motors, currents in windings create magnetic fields that interact with permanent magnets or other windings to produce torque on a rotor. The resulting motion can be rotary or linear.

Most common motors are classified by the type of electrical supply and the principle of operation. DC motors use direct current; brushed designs rely on a mechanical commutator and brushes, while modern brushless designs use electronic commutation. AC motors run on alternating current and include induction (asynchronous) motors and synchronous motors. Induction motors are widely used due to simplicity and robustness, while synchronous motors operate at a speed synchronized with the supply frequency. Permanent-magnet machines use permanent magnets for the rotor or stator, improving efficiency and power density. Linear motors generate linear motion instead of rotation.

Historically, electric motors matured in the 19th and 20th centuries through contributions by Faraday, Ampère, Tesla and others, leading to widespread industrial adoption. Today, electric motors are found in countless devices, from household appliances and robotics to industrial drives and electric vehicles.

Performance is characterized by torque, speed, efficiency and power factor. Control methods include variable voltage, frequency drives, soft-starts, and electronic speed controllers. Safety and thermal management are important in high-power applications. See also induction motor, brushless DC motor, synchronous motor, and electric drive systems.