ecT

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a medical treatment for certain psychiatric conditions that involves inducing a controlled brain seizure through brief electrical stimulation while the patient is under general anesthesia. It is typically considered when medications have failed to provide sufficient relief, when a rapid response is needed, or in cases such as severe depression, catatonia, or certain forms of bipolar disorder.

The procedure uses anesthesia and a muscle relaxant to minimize movement and prevent injury. Electrodes are placed on the scalp, either bilaterally or unilaterally, and a sequence of brief electrical pulses is delivered to trigger a seizure. Treatments are usually administered two to three times per week, with a typical course containing six to twelve sessions, though the total number and frequency are tailored to the individual’s response and tolerance. Some patients may receive continuation or maintenance ECT to reduce relapse risk.

ECT is indicated for severe major depressive disorder, including psychotic or treatment-resistant depression, bipolar disorder with depressive or manic episodes, and catatonia. It can produce rapid improvements in mood, energy, and functioning and is considered highly effective in emergency or life-threatening situations. While response rates vary, many patients experience meaningful benefit, particularly when other treatments have failed or when rapid improvement is essential.

Safety and side effects are routinely considered. Memory impairment, especially for events near the treatment period, and transient confusion are among the most common short-term effects and tend to improve over weeks to months. Other risks are generally low but can include cardiovascular complications related to anesthesia, particularly in older or medically frail patients. Careful assessment and informed consent are standard components of ECT practice.