eBooks

eBooks are digital versions of books that can be read on electronic devices such as e-readers, tablets, smartphones, and computers. They are typically distributed as downloadable files or via streaming and can include features such as reflowable text, search, annotations, hyperlinks, and multimedia in some formats. Common formats include EPUB (the most widely adopted open standard), PDF (fixed layout), MOBI and AZW (used by Amazon Kindle), and others like DjVu or plain text. EPUB supports reflowable text and accessibility features; PDF preserves layout. Many eBooks are protected by digital rights management (DRM) to limit copying and lending, though DRM-free editions also exist.

Historically, eBooks emerged in the 1990s and gained rapid adoption in the 2000s with the rise of dedicated e-readers and online retailers. The format evolved from plain text and scanned scans to structured, XML-based formats enabling rich formatting, metadata, and accessibility. Today, major platforms—such as Kindle, Apple Books, Google Play Books, and other retailers—offer eBooks in various formats, often with proprietary ecosystems and lending models through libraries.

Benefits of eBooks include portability, searchability, adjustable font sizes, annotation and bookmarking, and easy distribution for authors and publishers. Challenges include varying DRM and licensing terms, device compatibility, screen fatigue, and concerns about market concentration. Libraries and publishers use eBooks to expand access through lending programs and digitization initiatives, sometimes with controlled licensing terms.

Open standards and accessibility initiatives promote inclusive access, with formats like EPUB 3 supporting text-to-speech, reflowable layouts, and accessibility metadata. File management, metadata, and digital preservation practices help ensure long-term availability.