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Dyslipidemia refers to an abnormal amount of lipids, such as cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood. Lipids are essential for bodily functions, but elevated levels can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke. Dyslipidemia is often diagnosed through a blood test called a lipid panel.

There are several types of dyslipidemia. Hypercholesterolemia is characterized by high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, often referred to as "bad" cholesterol, and/or low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, known as "good" cholesterol. Hypertriglyceridemia involves elevated levels of triglycerides, another type of fat in the blood. Combined dyslipidemia features high LDL and high triglycerides.

Causes of dyslipidemia can be genetic (familial hypercholesterolemia) or acquired. Acquired causes include lifestyle factors such as a diet high in saturated and trans fats, lack of physical activity, obesity, and smoking. Certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypothyroidism, and kidney disease can also contribute.

Treatment strategies aim to lower harmful lipid levels and reduce cardiovascular risk. Lifestyle modifications are fundamental and include adopting a heart-healthy diet, increasing physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and quitting smoking. In many cases, medication is also prescribed. Statins are commonly used to lower LDL cholesterol, while fibrates and niacin can help reduce triglycerides and increase HDL cholesterol. Regular monitoring of lipid levels is important to assess treatment effectiveness and adjust therapy as needed.