drugdependent

Drug dependence is a condition characterized by a compulsive need to use a substance, often accompanied by tolerance and withdrawal symptoms when use stops. In clinical practice, the term substance use disorder is used to describe a problematic pattern of use that leads to significant impairment or distress, with severity ranging from mild to severe. The phrase drug-dependent is common in everyday language, but it can reflect physical dependence, psychological dependence, or both, and does not by itself indicate a formal diagnosis.

Most people who are dependent on a drug experience cravings, repeated unsuccessful attempts to cut down, neglect of other activities, and continued use despite negative consequences. Physical dependence refers to physiological adaptation to a drug, resulting in withdrawal symptoms if use is reduced or stopped; tolerance means the dose required to achieve the same effect increases over time. Psychological dependence involves a perceived need or craving for the drug.

Risk factors include genetics, early exposure to substances, co-occurring mental health disorders, chronic stress, trauma, and social environment. Dependence can involve any psychoactive substance, including opioids, alcohol, benzodiazepines, cannabis, stimulants, and certain prescription medications.

Treatment aims to reduce withdrawal and cravings, prevent relapse, and address medical, psychological, and social needs. Approaches include medically supervised detox when appropriate, pharmacotherapies such as methadone or buprenorphine for opioid dependence, and medications like acamprosate or naltrexone for alcohol dependence, along with counseling, behavioral therapies, and support groups. Harm-reduction strategies and ongoing aftercare improve outcomes. Early intervention and integrated, person-centered care are associated with better prognosis.