disaffection

Disaffection refers to a state of dissatisfaction, alienation, or loss of affection, loyalty, or attachment toward a person, group, institution, or system. It is a broad psychological and social condition that can manifest as withdrawal, indifference, or critical distance rather than outright hostility. In political science and sociology, disaffection is used to describe a diminished willingness to participate in formal political processes or to support established authorities.

Origins and factors. Disaffection can arise from perceived injustice, unmet expectations, or repeated disappointments with the performance of institutions. Economic strain, social fragmentation, mistrust, and cultural change can heighten feelings of disconnection. Personal experiences, such as discrimination or marginalization, also contribute. It can be directional, toward a specific institution (e.g., government, religious body) or diffuse, toward the broader social order.

Expressions and consequences. Disaffected individuals may disengage from politics, civics, or community life, show skepticism or cynicism, or seek alternative movements. In some cases, disaffection fuels reform movements, protests, or the emergence of new political actors; in others, it can lead to apathy or withdrawal and a loss of social cohesion.

In research, disaffection is often measured through surveys on trust, satisfaction, loyalty, and willingness to participate. It interacts with other attitudes such as alienation, disenchantment, and apathy. Understanding disaffection helps explain low turnout, support for anti-establishment candidates, or disruption of voluntary associations.

See also: alienation, apathy, disengagement, disenchantment.