dimethylformamide

Dimethylformamide (DMF) is an organic amide and a polar aprotic solvent with the formula C3H7NO and the IUPAC name N,N-dimethylformamide. It is a colorless, viscous liquid with a boiling point of about 153 °C and a relatively low vapor pressure at room temperature. DMF is miscible with water and with most organic solvents, which contributes to its widespread use as a solvent in chemical processes and manufacturing.

Production and routes: DMF is produced on a large scale by the catalytic carbonylation of dimethylamine with carbon monoxide to yield dimethylformamide. This carbonylation route dominates industrial production, though alternative methods involving formylation of amines or related precursors have been explored.

Uses: DMF is one of the most versatile solvents in industry. It dissolves a broad range of polymers and resins and is used in polymer synthesis, pharmaceutical processing, and electronics manufacturing. It serves as a common solvent for peptide synthesis, Vilsmeier–Haack formylation, and various catalyzed reactions. It is also employed in electroplating baths and as an electrolyte solvent in some battery systems.

Safety and environmental aspects: DMF is toxic and can cause liver injury with prolonged exposure; animal studies have indicated potential reproductive effects. It can be absorbed through the skin and by inhalation, so appropriate engineering controls, personal protective equipment, and hygiene practices are important. It is not readily biodegradable and may pose risks to aquatic life; spills should be contained and disposed of as hazardous waste.