deterjen

Deterjen is a term used in Indonesian to refer to detergents—a broad class of cleaning agents designed to remove dirt, grease, and stains when used with water. Detergents typically rely on synthetic surfactants that dissolve oils and suspend soils more effectively in hard water than traditional soaps. The word is used to describe products for household cleaning as well as industrial and commercial use.

Common forms include laundry detergents, dishwashing detergents, and all-purpose detergents. They are sold as powders, liquids, gels, or single-dose capsules and may be formulated as standard or concentrated products.

Detergent formulations usually combine surfactants (anionic and nonionic), water-softening builders, enzymes that break down proteins and fats, optical brighteners, and additives such as fragrance, dyes, and preservatives. Some products include anti-redeposition agents or foam-modifying agents.

Mechanism: Surfactants reduce water's surface tension, allowing oils to emulsify and be carried away in wash water. Enzymes enhance cleaning at lower temperatures by targeting common soils. Builders improve efficiency in hard water by tying minerals that would otherwise interfere with cleaning.

History and regulation: Synthetic detergents emerged in the 20th century and gradually supplanted soap in many uses due to superior performance in hard water. Environmental concerns, especially eutrophication from phosphates, led to regulatory restrictions and a shift toward phosphate-free formulations in many regions.

Safety and environmental considerations: Deterjen are generally safe when used as directed, but can irritate skin or eyes and should be kept away from children. Biodegradability and aquatic toxicity are considerations in product design and labeling; disposal and dosing guidance help minimize environmental impact.