desensitisaation

Desensitisaation, or desensitization, is the process by which responsiveness to a stimulus is reduced through repeated exposure or through changes in the underlying biological systems. The term is used across disciplines, including physiology, immunology, psychology, and medicine, and can refer to both physiological adaptation and behavioral change.

In physiology and pharmacology, desensitization describes a diminished receptor response after sustained stimulation. Mechanisms include receptor phosphorylation, internalization, and alterations in downstream signaling. These changes can produce tolerance to drugs or a lowered physiological reaction to repeated stimuli.

In immunology, desensitization is exemplified by allergen immunotherapy. By administering gradually increasing amounts of an allergen over time, the immune system is steered away from IgE-mediated responses toward regulatory pathways and IgG4 antibodies, reducing symptoms and increasing tolerance to the allergen.

In psychology, desensitization is employed in therapies for anxiety and phobias, particularly systematic desensitization. This approach combines relaxation training with a gradual exposure to feared stimuli, aiming to decrease avoidance and physiological arousal.

In dental medicine and other medical fields, desensitizing agents may be used to reduce sensory transmission, such as reducing tooth sensitivity by blocking nerve signals or occluding dentinal tubules.

Limitations include the time required and variable outcomes; desensitization may not be successful for all individuals, and inappropriate exposure in therapy or immunotherapy can pose risks. See also tolerance, habituation, sensitization, immunotherapy, and exposure therapy.