desensibilisering

Desensibilisering is a process by which sensitivity to a stimulus is reduced or tolerance to a substance is increased. The term is used in several disciplines, including psychology, immunology and pharmacology, and describes approaches based on gradual exposure or adaptation.

In psychology, systematic desensitization is a behavioral therapy that combines relaxation training with gradual exposure to feared situations. An anxiety hierarchy is constructed, and patients are gradually exposed to items from least to most frightening while using relaxation techniques. The goal is to replace fear responses with calm associations and to reduce avoidance behaviors.

In immunology, allergen desensitization, or allergen immunotherapy, involves regular administration of increasing doses of an allergen to induce tolerance. Subcutaneous or sublingual routes are used over months to years, with the aim of reducing symptom burden and the need for medications. The treatment can provide long-term relief, but carries risks of local or systemic reactions, including anaphylaxis, requiring medical supervision.

In pharmacology, drug desensitization describes protocols that temporarily tolerate a drug to which a patient previously had a hypersensitivity reaction. Graded dosing schedules, careful monitoring and rapid escalation are used when no suitable alternatives exist, particularly for antibiotics or chemotherapy.

In physiology, receptor desensitization refers to a reduced cellular response after repeated stimulation, often through receptor phosphorylation, internalization or depletion of signaling components. It is a normal regulatory mechanism but can affect drug efficacy over time.