depigmentaation

Depigmentation is the loss or reduction of skin pigment (melanin), resulting in lighter patches that can affect the skin, hair, and sometimes the eyes. The term is commonly written depigmentation, while depigmentaation is a frequent misspelling. Depigmented areas differ from surrounding skin in their pigment content and may be congenital or acquired.

Causes of depigmentation include genetic conditions such as oculocutaneous albinism and piebaldism; autoimmune diseases such as vitiligo, where melanocytes are destroyed or inhibited; postinflammatory or postchemical changes after skin injury or irritation; infections such as tinea versicolor that can produce hypo- or depigmented patches; and exposure to chemical bleaching agents like hydroquinone or phenols, which can permanently affect pigment.

Pathophysiology varies by condition. In vitiligo, autoimmune processes attack melanocytes, leading to patches of complete depigmentation. In albinism, melanin production is reduced due to enzyme defects. Other forms involve temporary suppression of pigment production or loss of melanocytes due to inflammation, scarring, or chemical injury. In some cases the melanocyte population remains but pigment production is impaired.

Diagnosis generally relies on clinical examination, sometimes supported by Wood lamp examination, skin biopsy, or laboratory tests to identify underlying disorders or triggers. Management depends on the cause and goals, such as protecting skin from the sun, camouflage, or therapies to halt progression and promote repigmentation. Treatments for vitiligo may include topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and phototherapy (narrow-band UVB or excimer laser); surgical options like melanocyte transplantation are considered for stable disease.

Prognosis is variable; some depigmented patches remain permanent, while others respond to treatment or stabilize with time.