demotion

Demotion is the act of lowering a person's rank, title, or level of responsibility within an organization. It may involve a decrease in duties, authority, or status, and often, but not always, a reduction in pay or benefits. Demotion can be voluntary or involuntary, and may result from performance issues, organizational restructuring, or disciplinary action.

In employment, demotion typically follows performance problems, misconduct, or a formal restructuring. It can be temporary or permanent and may be preceded by performance improvement plans or counseling. In the military, reduction in rank is usually an order by a commanding authority, often tied to conduct or failure to meet standards. In academia, changes in rank are less common but may occur through reclassification or administrative reassignment. In sports, teams or players may face relegation to a lower division.

Most jurisdictions regulate demotion through employment contracts, collective bargaining agreements, and labor laws. Employers generally must have a legitimate reason, document performance or organizational need, and provide notice and an opportunity to respond. Violations such as discrimination or retaliation are prohibited. Some jurisdictions require a formal appeal or grievance process.

Demotion affects duties, status, and often pay. It can impact seniority, eligibility for future promotions, and benefits. It may harm morale or retention but can also offer a path to recovery for employees who need to regain performance or fit.

Alternatives include termination, voluntary reassignment, or a lateral move with no pay change. Demotion differs from a suspension or dismissal and from a lateral transfer. See also: promotion, termination, restructuring.