degradacj

Degradation refers to the gradual decline in quality, integrity, or function of a system or substance. It is a broad concept used across disciplines to describe how natural processes or human activity reduce usefulness, safety, or sustainability over time.

Environmental degradation occurs when ecosystems lose their capacity to provide services due to overuse or pollution. Examples include soil erosion, deforestation, water and air pollution, loss of biodiversity, and land-cover changes that increase vulnerability to hazards.

Material degradation encompasses aging and deterioration of substances and structures. This includes metal corrosion, polymer photo-oxidation and hydrolysis, concrete wear, and general wear of mechanical components, often reducing strength, appearance, or safety.

Biological degradation involves the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms or enzymatic processes. Biodegradation is a related concept used in waste treatment and composting, where organic materials are converted into simpler compounds.

Measurement and impacts: Degradation is typically assessed by rates or half-lives, and by monitoring indicators such as soil organic matter, corrosion depth, or pollutant concentrations. It has wide-ranging economic and social implications, affecting food security, health, infrastructure, and ecosystem services.

Mitigation and management: Strategies aim to slow or reverse degradation through sustainable resource management, pollution control, protective design, regular maintenance, restoration ecology, and systematic monitoring to preserve system function and resilience.