darknets

Darknets are overlay networks that run atop the public Internet and require specialized software, configurations, or credentials to access. They are designed to provide strong anonymity and control over participation, often using layered or distributed routing and end-to-end encryption. The term can refer to the networks themselves or to the communities that use them. They host services that are not easily discovered by standard search engines.

Common implementations include Tor, I2P, and Freenet. Tor routes traffic through multiple relays and offers onion services that conceal user and service locations. I2P emphasizes internal anonymous communication using garlic routing. Freenet is a peer-to-peer distributed storage system designed for censorship resistance. Other projects exist with different models.

Access is via client software and configured nodes; networks are decentralized with no central authority. Anonymity depends on design, network size, and threat models. Some networks require invitations or credentials to join.

Uses range from legitimate privacy protection, journalistic and activist communications, and research into security and censorship resistance, to confidential business communications. The same anonymity can support illegal activities, such as black markets or illicit file sharing, though not all services are illegal.

Legality varies by country. Authorities monitor darknets and may prosecute illegal activity. Users face risks such as scams and malware. Safe use involves understanding laws, keeping software up to date, and following good security practices.