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Dandruff is a common scalp condition characterized by the presence of white flakes on the scalp. These flakes are actually dead skin cells that have been shed from the scalp. Dandruff is not contagious and does not cause any health issues, but it can be unsightly and uncomfortable for some people. It is more common in people with oily skin and can be exacerbated by factors such as stress, hormonal changes, and certain medications.

The exact cause of dandruff is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to an imbalance of oils on the scalp. The scalp produces natural oils called sebum, which help to keep the skin moisturized. In people with dandruff, the scalp may produce too much sebum, leading to an overgrowth of a type of yeast called Malassezia. This yeast feeds on the excess sebum and produces a substance that irritates the scalp, causing the skin cells to shed more quickly.

Dandruff can be treated with a variety of over-the-counter and prescription medications. These include anti-dandruff shampoos, which often contain ingredients such as ketoconazole, selenium sulfide, or pyrithione zinc. These ingredients work by killing the Malassezia yeast or reducing the production of sebum. In some cases, topical corticosteroids may be used to reduce inflammation and itching. In severe cases, oral antifungal medications may be prescribed.

Prevention of dandruff involves maintaining a healthy scalp by washing it regularly with a gentle shampoo and avoiding products that are too harsh or drying. It is also important to avoid scratching the scalp, as this can lead to further irritation and inflammation. In some cases, dietary changes may also help to reduce dandruff, such as limiting the intake of foods that are high in sugar or yeast.