dECM

Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is ECM derived from biological tissue after cellular components have been removed, leaving a biocompatible scaffold that preserves the native three-dimensional architecture and biochemical cues of the tissue. dECM can be sourced from various tissues and organs, including skin, blood vessels, heart, liver, lung, intestine, cartilage, and whole organs. The resulting material can be used in solid scaffold form or processed into hydrogels or injectable formulations for regenerative applications.

Preparation and characteristics

dECM is produced by decellularizing tissue using physical, chemical, and enzymatic methods that aim to remove cells and genetic material while preserving ECM components such as collagens, elastin, laminin, and glycosaminoglycans. Common approaches include detergents (e.g., detergents such as SDS and Triton X-100), enzymatic treatments (e.g., DNase), and physical disruption. The extent of decellularization is evaluated by residual DNA content, DNA fragment size, and histological assessment, with the goal of minimizing immunogenicity while maintaining matrix integrity. Sterilization is applied for clinical or research use, though it may alter mechanical properties or bioactivity.

Applications

dECM serves as a scaffold for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, enabling recellularization with patient-derived cells. It is used as bulk scaffolds for organ or tissue restoration, as decellularized matrices for vascularized grafts, and as ECM-derived hydrogels or bioinks for 3D bioprinting and injectable therapies. dECM also supports in vitro models of organ function and drug screening, offering tissue-specific biochemical cues that influence cell behavior.

Challenges

Key challenges include achieving complete decellularization with minimal ECM damage, controlling batch-to-batch variability, balancing mechanical strength with bioactivity, ensuring safe and effective sterilization, and promoting successful recellularization and vascularization in whole-organ scaffolds.