bioprinting

Bioprinting is a form of additive manufacturing that uses computer-controlled deposition of living cells, biomaterials, and bioactive molecules to fabricate tissue- and organ-like structures. It adapts conventional 3D printing techniques for biological materials, with the goal of creating functional tissues that can integrate with a body or serve as models for research.

Techniques used in bioprinting include extrusion-based, inkjet, and laser-assisted bioprinting, as well as stereolithography approaches adapted for bioinks. Bioinks typically combine living cells with biocompatible hydrogels such as alginate, gelatin methacrylate, fibrin, or decellularized extracellular matrix. The choice of method and bioink affects cell viability, resolution, and the mechanical properties of the printed construct.

The process generally involves designing a 3D model, printing layer by layer, and then maturing the construct in bioreactors to promote tissue development and vascularization. Printed tissues often require post-processing, conditioning, and sometimes integration with native tissues for functional performance.

Applications span tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and pharmaceutical research. Bioprinting is used to create models for drug screening, disease modeling, and the study of tissue development, as well as to prototype implantable tissues such as skin, cartilage, bone, and fungal/liver models. While some bioprinted tissues have reached preclinical and early-stage clinical investigation, widespread clinical use remains a focus of ongoing research.

Challenges include achieving adequate vascularization, nutrient delivery, and long-term viability; replicating native mechanical properties; ensuring biocompatibility and reproducibility; and navigating evolving regulatory pathways. Interest continues to grow in both academia and industry as methods and materials advance.