czerwonym

Czerwonym is the instrumental singular masculine and neuter form of the Polish adjective czerwony, meaning red. In Polish, adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case. Czerwonym appears when the noun is masculine or neuter and the phrase is in the instrumental or locative case.

Usage examples illustrate its function. For instance, z czerwonymi kwiatami means “with red flowers” (kwiaty is plural, instrumental). In the locative, w czerwonym garniturze means “in a red suit” (garniturze is the locative singular). The feminine counterparts appear in forms such as czerwoną for feminine singular instrumental, and other gender/number forms follow standard Polish adjective inflection.

Etymology traces czerwony to Old Polish czerwień, meaning redness, and to the Proto-Slavic root červenъ. It is cognate with related Slavic forms such as Czech červený. The related noun czerwień denotes redness or vermilion in Polish.

In broader usage, czerwony describes the color red across the color spectrum and participates in common phrases and symbolism. It appears in everyday language as well as in literature and culture, including expressions like czerwona kartka (red card) in sports and various idioms where color imagery conveys qualities or emotions.

See also: czerwony (base form), czerwień (redness), color terminology in Polish.