cystoskop

A cystoscope is a medical instrument used to inspect the interior of the bladder and urethra. It provides direct visualization of the urinary tract and allows for diagnostic assessment and therapeutic intervention. Cystoscopes can be rigid or flexible; modern devices are often connected to a video monitor.

Rigid cystoscopes are straight tubes with an optical system and channels for irrigation and instruments. Flexible cystoscopes use fiber optics or rod lenses and are more maneuverable in tight curves. Both types may include a working channel to accommodate biopsy forceps, graspers, stone baskets, or stents.

Indications include evaluation of hematuria, recurrent urinary infections, bladder pain or irritation, suspected bladder tumors or stones, and monitoring for certain conditions after surgery. Procedures performed through a cystoscope include cystoscopic biopsy, transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT), stone management, foreign body removal, and placement of ureteral stents.

Most cystoscopies are performed under sterile conditions. The urethra is anesthetized with topical gel; the patient may receive local, regional, or general anesthesia depending on the planned procedure and patient factors. The cystoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder, with continuous irrigation to maintain visibility. Tissue samples may be taken during the examination.

Risks include urinary tract infection, bleeding, urethral injury or strictures, urinary retention, and, rarely, bladder perforation. Most patients recover quickly with minimal downtime. Cystoscopy has a long history in urology, with modern flexible, video-enabled systems widely used in clinics and operating rooms.