cupressus

Cupressus is a genus of evergreen conifer trees in the cypress family Cupressaceae. It comprises several Old World species, traditionally extending across the Mediterranean basin, Southwest Asia, and parts of Africa, with additional species and cultivars widely planted around the world for timber, ornamentals, and windbreaks. Taxonomically, the circumscription of Cupressus has shifted in recent decades: many American species previously included in Cupressus have been reclassified into the genus Hesperocyparis, so modern treatments often limit Cupressus to the Old World lineages, while noting the close relationship with related genera such as Chamaecyparis and Cupressus hybrids.

Description and characteristics are typical of a coniferous evergreen. Cupressus species range from medium to large trees, frequently with dense, columnar or spreading forms. Leaves are scale-like and arranged in opposite, four-ranked sprays; some forms retain needle-like foliage when young. The trees produce woody, barrel- or cone-shaped cones that mature and release winged seeds, often after heat from fire. Bark is usually fibrous or shreddy, and the wood is aromatic.

Distribution and habitat favor well-drained soils and sunny sites. In the wild, species are adapted to Mediterranean-type climates with dry summers; cultivated forms tolerate a wider range of soils and moisture conditions. Ecologically, many Cupressus species are relatively drought-tolerant and some exhibit serotiny, with cones that open mainly after fire.

Uses and cultivation are extensive: landscape and ornamental plantings, shelterbelts, and timber or resin production. Pests and diseases include cypress canker caused by Seiridium species and various root rots, which can affect both native stands and cultivated trees.

Notable species include Cupressus sempervirens (Mediterranean cypress), Cupressus macrocarpa (Monterey cypress), and Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress), among others and numerous hybrids and cultivars used in horticulture. Some species remain of conservation concern due to restricted ranges.