cupins

Cupins is the Portuguese term for termites, a group of eusocial insects in the order Blattodea. Termites live in colonies that can range from thousands to millions of individuals and are organized into a caste system that includes reproductive individuals (kings and queens), workers, and soldiers. They feed primarily on cellulose-containing plant material, such as wood, leaves, and leaf litter, and play a key role in decomposition and nutrient cycling in many ecosystems.

Taxonomy and evolution: Termites are now classified within Blattodea, alongside cockroaches, rather than as a separate order. They comprise multiple families and subfamilies, with extensive diversification in tropical and subtropical regions. The fossil record shows termite lineages dating back to the Jurassic, indicating a long-standing association with gut-dwelling microbes that aid digestion.

Biology: The ability to digest wood stems from microbial symbionts in the hindgut, including protozoa and bacteria that break down cellulose. Some groups, such as the Macrotermitinae, cultivate fungi to assist digestion. Social organization includes swarming reproductives that disperse to found new colonies; the king and queen provide long-term reproduction, while workers and soldiers perform nest maintenance, foraging, defense, and care of young.

Ecology and impact: Termites are important decomposers in many ecosystems, contributing to the breakdown of lignocellulosic material. However, many species are also structural pests, causing damage to timber in buildings, furniture, and other wooden structures, which can lead to significant economic losses. Management strategies emphasize prevention, monitoring, moisture control, and targeted control methods such as baits or pesticides.

Distribution and habitat: Cupins occur worldwide, with greatest diversity in warm, humid regions. Nesting habits vary by species, including subterranean colonies connected to soil and drywood colonies living entirely within timber.