conservatism

Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that emphasizes the value of traditional institutions and gradual, cautious change. It seeks to preserve established practices, hierarchies, and forms of social order while recognizing the limits of human capacity to design perfect societies.

Core ideas commonly associated with conservatism include respect for tradition, a preference for continuity and organic social development over rapid reform, the primacy of the rule of law, and a skepticism toward large-scale utopian schemes. Conservatives often stress prudence in policy-making, realism about human societies, and the importance of institutions such as families, communities, and religious or cultural norms in sustaining stability.

Historically, conservatism originated in 18th-century Europe as a reaction to upheavals such as the French Revolution. It was shaped by thinkers such as Edmund Burke, who defended gradual reform and the wisdom of inherited institutions. Over time, conservatism diversified into strands such as traditional conservatism, liberal conservatism, religious conservatism, and nationalist or regional variants. In many countries, conservative parties have become major political actors, advocating a mix of free-market policies, limited government, social cohesion, and, in some cases, moral or religious sensibilities.

Conservatism is frequently contrasted with liberalism and socialism, and critics argue it can impede social change or entrench privilege. Proponents contend that it provides stability, continuity, and prudent governance by valuing existing arrangements and caution in the face of unintended consequences.

Examples of conservative movements and parties include those in the United Kingdom, the United States, and various European and Latin American countries, each adapting conservative principles to local histories and institutions.