complexos

The term complexos (complexes) is used in several disciplines to describe structured assemblies or interrelated parts. In chemistry, biology, mathematics and psychology, a complex often denotes a concrete arrangement whose properties depend on its components and their interactions.

In chemistry, a coordination complex consists of a central metal atom or ion surrounded by ligands bonded through coordinate covalent bonds. The ligands donate electron pairs to the metal; the arrangement defines the coordination number and geometry, which may be octahedral, tetrahedral, or other shapes. These complexes influence color, magnetism, reactivity, and catalytic activity, and they appear in bioinorganic systems and materials science. Example: the hexamminecobalt(III) complex [Co(NH3)6]3+.

In biology, protein complexes are stable assemblies of two or more proteins that perform a shared function, such as the ribosome or mitochondrial respiratory-chain complexes. They enable coordinated action and regulation that individual proteins cannot achieve alone.

In mathematics, a simplicial complex is a collection of vertices together with higher-dimensional simplices, closed under taking faces, used to model topological spaces. A chain complex is a sequence of abelian groups or modules linked by boundary maps, whose homology detects holes in spaces. Both concepts provide foundations for algebraic topology and homological algebra.

In psychology, a complex is a relatively stable cluster of thoughts, feelings and memories organized around a theme, which can influence attitudes and behavior. Jungian theory describes complexes such as the mother complex or inferiority complex as structured mental representations.

Across disciplines, complexos denote organized, interacting parts whose collective behavior exceeds the sum of their components.