closedloopRegelungen

ClosedloopRegelungen, also known as closed-loop or feedback control, are control systems that regulate a process by continuously measuring the output, comparing it with a reference value, and adjusting the input to minimize the error.

Core components include a sensor that measures the process variable, a controller that computes a control signal from the error e(t) = r(t) − y(t), an actuator that applies the signal to the plant, and the plant itself. The feedback loop helps reject disturbances and track setpoints. In digital implementations, signals are sampled and processed in discrete time.

Design and analysis of closedloopRegelungen rely on modeling the plant as a transfer function or state-space representation. Stability and performance are assessed through time-domain or frequency-domain methods. Key metrics include settling time, overshoot, steady-state error, and robustness to disturbances. Common control strategies range from classical proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control to lead–lag compensators, and to modern state-space or observer-based approaches such as Kalman filtering for state estimation.

Applications and advantages: closedloopRegelungen are ubiquitous in industry and technology, including motor speed control, temperature regulation, chemical processes, robotics, automotive cruise control, and aerospace flight control. They offer improved accuracy, disturbance rejection, and automation capabilities. Challenges involve accurate modeling, nonlinearities, time delays, sensor noise, and actuator saturation, which may affect stability and performance.

Terminology and variants: closed-loop regulation contrasts with open-loop control, which lacks feedback. Related concepts include feedforward control, adaptive control, and robust control, which address changing conditions and model uncertainty.