closedloopRegelung

ClosedLoopRegelung, or closed-loop regulation, is a control strategy in which the system output is continuously measured and compared with a desired reference. The resulting error signal is processed by a controller, which adjusts the input to the process to minimize the error. This feedback mechanism enables the system to react to disturbances and changes in the environment.

Typical architectures include a sensor, a comparator or error detector, a controller, and an actuator. The controller computes a corrective action based on the error and possibly past behavior; in many applications, the controller is a PID (proportional-integral-derivative) controller, implemented either in analog circuitry or digitally in software.

Closed-loop control contrasts with open-loop regulation, which applies a fixed input without using feedback. The feedback allows improved accuracy and disturbance rejection but introduces design challenges, such as potential instability, sensitivity to measurement noise, and delays in the loop.

Key design issues include ensuring system stability, achieving desired performance (settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error), and maintaining robustness to model uncertainty and disturbances. Practical implementations must handle sensor noise, actuator saturation, and time delays; anti-windup strategies and proper discretization are common in digital controllers.

Applications span process industries (temperature, flow, pressure control), motor speed and position control, robotics, aerospace, and power supplies. In consumer electronics, closed-loop regulation appears in voltage regulators and temperature controllers in HVAC systems.

Variants and extensions of closed-loop regulation include adaptive, robust, and model predictive control, as well as digital control schemes that integrate estimation and learning to cope with changing dynamics and nonlinearity.