closedbook

Closedbook is an adjective used to describe settings in which reference materials, external aid, or collaboration are not allowed. The term is most commonly applied to examinations and assessments, where participants must rely on memory and internalized knowledge. In such contexts a closed-book policy is paired with supervision to prevent cheating, and often specifies whether tools such as calculators, formula sheets, or electronic devices are permitted. The contrast term is open-book, where access to materials is allowed, and there are semi-open variations where selective resources are permitted.

The origin of the term is literal: the test taker “closes the book” and works entirely from memory. In educational practice, closed-book exams are used to evaluate foundational knowledge, rapid recall, and problem-solving without reference to texts. They can be administered in person or via proctored online formats.

Critics argue that closed-book formats may privilege quick recall over deeper understanding, impose stress, and disadvantage students with weaker test-taking skills or limited access to preparation. Proponents contend that they more accurately measure certain competencies and reduce opportunities for resource-based cheating. In many courses, instructors employ a mix of formats, including closed-book midterms, open-book finals, and take-home assignments to balance validity, practicality, and equity.

See also: open-book examination, examination policy, proctoring, assessment design.