clorpromazina

Clorpromazina is a first-generation antipsychotic medication primarily used in the treatment of psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It belongs to the class of drugs known as phenothiazines and was first synthesized in the 1950s. Originally developed as an antiemetic, clorpromazina gained recognition for its antipsychotic effects, making it one of the foundational drugs in the field of psychiatric treatment.

The drug works primarily by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, particularly in the mesolimbic pathway, which helps reduce symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, and agitation. It also affects serotonin and histamine receptors, contributing to its broader therapeutic and side-effect profile. Clorpromazina is available in various forms, including oral tablets, injectable solutions, and suppositories, allowing for flexible administration depending on the patient’s needs.

Common therapeutic uses include managing acute psychotic episodes, preventing relapse in schizophrenia, and treating manic episodes in bipolar disorder. It may also be used off-label for conditions such as severe behavioral disturbances in children, Tourette syndrome, and certain types of aggression or agitation.

However, clorpromazina is not without risks. Side effects can include extrapyramidal symptoms (such as tremors, rigidity, and akathisia), sedation, weight gain, and metabolic changes like hyperglycemia or dyslipidemia. Long-term use may increase the risk of tardive dyskinesia, a movement disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements. Additionally, it can cause orthostatic hypotension, particularly when administered intravenously or in high doses.

Clorpromazina is generally well-tolerated when prescribed at appropriate doses, but monitoring for adverse effects is essential. It is typically used in combination with other treatments, such as behavioral therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy, to optimize outcomes. As with all antipsychotic medications, individual responses vary, and careful clinical supervision is recommended.