cinematographer

The cinematographer, also known as the director of photography, is the head of the camera department on a film or television production. They work with the director to craft the visual look and translate the script into images. Their decisions cover camera placement and movement, lens choice, lighting, and exposure, guiding the execution of the visual style from preproduction through post.

Core responsibilities include framing and shot composition, operating the camera or supervising the camera crew, and designing lighting to achieve the desired mood and tonality. They select cameras, lenses, sensors or film stock, and cooperate with the production designer on color palette and texture. They also manage exposure, white balance, and the look during color grading.

The cinematographer works closely with the gaffer and grip to implement the lighting plan, and with editors and colorists to shape the final image. They oversee the camera department budget and schedule, ensure safety on set, and maintain continuity of visual style across scenes.

Most cinematographers come to the role through film schools or apprenticeships, often starting as camera assistants or operators. They combine technical mastery of equipment and workflows with artistic sensibility and collaboration skills.

The term is used widely, and some regions favor director of photography as a title. Notable practitioners include Roger Deakins, Emmanuel Lubezki, Vittorio Storaro, and Gordon Willis. The field has evolved with digital cameras, HDR, and advanced color pipelines, but remains central to cinematic storytelling.