cigania

Cigania is a term used in various languages to denote the Romani people or Romani culture. Due to varied usage across countries, it may be neutral, descriptive, or potentially pejorative, especially when used to label an entire community or to evoke stereotypes of itinerancy or criminality. Many Romani organizations advocate using Roma or Romani to refer to the people themselves.

Origins and spread: The Romani originate in the Indian subcontinent, with migration to Europe beginning in the medieval period. Today Romani communities form Europe’s largest ethnic minority, with substantial populations in Romania, Spain, Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia, Greece, Serbia, and beyond, as well as diaspora communities in the Americas and elsewhere. They are diverse in language, religion, and customs.

Language and culture: Romani languages belong to the Indo-Aryan branch and are spoken alongside the majority language of each country. Cultural practices vary; Romani communities are known for music, crafts, storytelling, and rich oral traditions. Social structures range from settled communities to historically itinerant groups such as the Kalderash, Sinti, and Manouche. As with any large, diverse group, generalizations should be avoided.

Contemporary issues: Romani communities often face discrimination in education, employment, housing, and public services in many countries. Policy responses include anti-discrimination laws, targeted inclusion programs, and protections under European and national rights frameworks. Advocates emphasize equal access, cultural preservation, and reduction of stigma.