cervicite

Cervicitis is inflammation of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. It can be acute or chronic and may be infectious or noninfectious. Many cases are asymptomatic and detected during routine pelvic examinations or STI screening.

Infectious causes are common and include sexually transmitted pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis, as well as Mycoplasma genitalium. Other infections, including bacterial vaginosis or herpes simplex virus, can contribute. Noninfectious causes include chemical irritation from spermicides or douches, allergic reactions, recent cervical procedures, or intrauterine devices. Risk factors include multiple sexual partners, new partners, and prior sexually transmitted infections.

Symptoms vary. Some people have increased or abnormal vaginal discharge, a burning sensation during urination, postcoital or intermenstrual bleeding, or pelvic discomfort. On pelvic examination, the cervix may appear red, inflamed, or friable (bleeds easily). Many individuals with cervicitis experience few or no symptoms.

Diagnosis is based on clinical findings and laboratory testing. A clinician may assess cervical discharge and friability during a speculum exam. Diagnostic tests commonly include nucleic acid amplification tests for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea, testing for Trichomonas, and wet mount or cultures if indicated. A pregnancy test is typically performed to exclude pregnancy-related conditions and to guide management.

Management aims to eradicate infection and prevent complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease. Treatment typically involves antibiotics targeted to likely pathogens, following local guidelines and resistance patterns. Sexual partners should be evaluated and treated if an infection is detected. If cervicitis is noninfectious, removing irritants and avoiding trauma may help. Prevention includes safe sex practices, regular STI screening, and prompt treatment of infections. Most cases improve with appropriate therapy.