caryophyllene

Beta-caryophyllene is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene with the molecular formula C15H24. It is a bicyclic compound featuring a cyclobutane ring fused to a larger ring system. It is a major component of the essential oils of clove, black pepper, cannabis, and many other plants, contributing spicy, woody, and peppery notes.

Occurrence and sources: Beta-caryophyllene is found in high concentrations in clove oil and in smaller amounts in black pepper, oregano, cinnamon, rosemary, and other essential oils. In cannabis, it is one of the principal terpenes present in many varieties and contributes to aroma and flavor profiles.

Biosynthesis: In plants, beta-caryophyllene is produced from farnesyl pyrophosphate by the action of beta-caryophyllene synthase, yielding the bicyclic hydrocarbon core. It can serve as a precursor to other sesquiterpene derivatives within essential oil repertoires.

Pharmacology and effects: Beta-caryophyllene acts as a selective agonist of the CB2 cannabinoid receptor, a component of the endocannabinoid system. It is associated with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in preclinical studies and does not activate the brain’s CB1 receptors, avoiding typical psychoactive effects linked to cannabis. It has also been explored for potential anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial properties.

Uses and safety: The compound is widely used as a fragrance and flavor component in foods and cosmetics due to its aroma. It is generally considered safe in typical exposure levels, though certain individuals may exhibit skin sensitivity or allergies to essential oils containing caryophyllene.