carps

Carps are a group of freshwater fishes in the family Cyprinidae, with the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, being the most familiar species. The term is often applied to a range of related species that share a similar body shape and ecological role, including the crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and other Cyprinidae encountered in temperate waters. Domesticated varieties of the common carp, such as koi, are kept for ornamental purposes.

Native to Eurasia, carps have been widely introduced around the world for aquaculture, sport fishing, and pond culture. They inhabit rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and ponds, and can tolerate a variety of water conditions and vegetation-rich margins. Their adaptability has contributed to their prominence in many freshwater ecosystems.

Biology and ecology: carps are omnivorous, feeding on plant material, detritus, algae, and small invertebrates. They are known for their foraging on the bottom, which can influence sediment and vegetation structure. Most species spawn in spring or early summer when water temperatures rise; eggs adhere to submerged vegetation or other substrates. Sexual maturity typically occurs within a few years, and individuals can live for several decades under favorable conditions.

Human interactions: carps are economically important in aquaculture and are culturally significant in various regions, with koi being a prominent ornamental form of Cyprinus carpio. In some environments, released or feral carps can become invasive, competing with native species and altering habitats. Management approaches include fishing pressure, habitat management, and, in some cases, biological control measures.