carcinom

Carcinom is a malignant tumor that arises from epithelial cells that line organs and form surfaces of the body. It encompasses cancers derived from squamous, glandular, transitional, and other epithelial tissues. Carcinom can develop in the skin, lungs, breast, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and many other organs. It is the most common category of cancer in adults, with a wide range of subtypes and behaviours depending on the tissue of origin.

The principal feature of carcinom is its origin from epithelial cells and its capacity to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites, primarily through the lymphatic system, and less often through the bloodstream. Genetic and epigenetic alterations, such as mutations in TP53, oncogene activation, and chromosomal instability, drive malignant transformation and clonal expansion.

Diagnosis typically involves histopathological examination of a biopsy or surgically removed specimen, supported by imaging studies for staging. Staging uses the TNM system, describing tumor size, nodal involvement, and metastasis. Molecular tests and immunohistochemistry may help classify subtypes and guide treatment.

Treatment depends on the site and stage. Localized carcinom may be treated with surgical removal or radiotherapy. Advanced disease may require chemotherapy, targeted therapy (for example agents against EGFR, HER2, or VEGF), and immunotherapy (such as checkpoint inhibitors). Multimodal approaches are common.

Prognosis varies widely by organ site, stage, and patient factors. Early detection generally improves outcomes. Risk reduction includes avoiding tobacco smoke, limiting ultraviolet exposure, vaccination against oncogenic infections, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.