canvases

Canvases are painting supports made from a heavy woven fabric, typically linen or cotton. The fabric is stretched over a wooden stretcher frame and primed to create a workable painting surface. Historically, linen made from flax was preferred for its strength and longevity, but cotton canvas became widely used in the 19th and 20th centuries because it is cheaper and more uniform. Canvases are sold pre-stretched on frames or as rolls that artists cut to size and stretch themselves.

Most canvases receive a ground, usually a layer of gesso, to seal the fibers, improve adhesion, and create a surface with some tooth for paint. Modern gesso is often acrylic-based, though traditional chalk- or calcium carbonate-based gesso has also been used. Primed canvases are less likely to absorb paint too quickly and resist oil penetration. Some artists work on unprimed canvas for certain effects, especially with acrylics, but unprimed canvas can be more prone to deterioration unless well cared for. Many canvases sold today are acid-free or archival to enhance longevity.

Texture and weave influence painting results. Linen typically has a finer, stiffer tooth, while cotton offers more uniform texture and is available in a range of finishes from smooth to pronounced. Canvases vary in size from small studies to large works and may be mounted on wood or framed for display. Care and storage involve keeping canvases in a dry, stable environment, avoiding direct sunlight, and handling gently. When shipped or stored flat or rolled, proper support helps prevent creases and warping.

---