calacas

Calacas is the Spanish term commonly used in Mexican folk art to refer to skeletal figures, often depicted in lively, anthropomorphic poses. They are closely associated with Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead) and function as a visual representation of death that invites reflection on life, rather than a morbid symbol.

Calacas appear in a variety of forms and materials. Traditional figures are crafted from papel maché, wood, clay, or tin, and are frequently displayed on ofrendas (altars) alongside other Day of the Dead imagery. Edible versions of skulls, called calaveras de azúcar or sugar skulls, are related but represent a distinct type of calaco, more focused on decoration and confection. In popular depictions, calacas are shown dancing, playing musical instruments, or performing everyday activities, conveying a sense of humor and vitality in the face of mortality.

The imagery has roots in Mexican folk art that blends indigenous beliefs about death with Spanish Catholic practices introduced during colonial times. A pivotal influence is La Calavera Catrina, a satirical skeleton created by José Guadalupe Posada and later popularized by Diego Rivera. Catrina’s elegant female skeleton helped shape the modern, witty portrayal of death as a social equalizer, a theme that appears throughout calaca representations.

Cultural role and usage extend beyond festive objects; calacas appear in murals, theater, music, and contemporary art, and they remain a common motif on Día de los Muertos decorations and souvenirs. Across regions, calacas can vary in style—from rustic handcrafted figures to polished artisanal forms—yet share the characteristic aim of honoring the dead while celebrating life.