bronchoscoop

A bronchoscope is a slender, tubular instrument equipped with a light source and visualization system that is inserted through the nose or mouth into the trachea and branching airways. The examination performed with this device is bronchoscopy. Flexible bronchoscopy, using a fiberoptic or video bronchoscope, is the most commonly used form and can be performed under local anesthesia with sedation in outpatient or hospital settings. Rigid bronchoscopy, consisting of a solid metal tube, is less common and is typically performed under general anesthesia; it is favored for certain therapeutic procedures such as removal of large foreign bodies or control of massive bleeding.

During bronchoscopy, the physician advances the scope to inspect the mucosa of the trachea and bronchi, looking for inflammation, tumors, infections, or obstructions. The procedure also allows sampling and treatment: bronchial brushings, washings or bronchoalveolar lavage for cytology and cultures; tissue biopsies; and therapeutic maneuvers such as suctioning of mucus plugs, dilation of narrowed airways, stent placement, or foreign-body removal.

Indications include evaluation of chronic cough, unexplained abnormalities on chest imaging, suspected infection, hemoptysis, airway obstruction, or staging and biopsy of lung lesions. Preparation includes fasting, cessation of certain medications, informed consent, and monitoring during the procedure; aftercare involves monitoring for complications and resuming routine activities.

Risks are generally low but can include coughing, sore throat, bleeding, infection, pneumothorax, bronchospasm, and hypoxemia, with serious events being uncommon in experienced hands.