breastfed

Breastfed describes an infant who has received breast milk through direct nursing at the breast or via expressed milk fed by a caregiver. The term denotes feeding status and can apply to a period in early life rather than a single moment.

Exclusive breastfeeding means the infant receives only breast milk for about the first six months, with no other foods or liquids. Partial or mixed feeding allows other foods or fluids. Many health authorities advise continuing breastfeeding with complementary foods beyond six months, often toward two years or longer.

Health effects for the infant include nutrition and immune support from breast milk. Observational studies associate breastfeeding with lower risk of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections and with potential long-term benefits related to obesity, metabolic conditions, and, in some populations, reduced risk of sudden infant death syndrome, though results vary by context and study design.

Maternal and family considerations include potential benefits such as faster postpartum recovery and reduced risks of certain cancers and metabolic conditions for some individuals. Breastfeeding experiences vary, and not all families can or choose to breastfeed due to medical, occupational, or personal reasons.

Guidelines and support emphasize early education, lactation support, and access to resources. Barriers can include lactation difficulties, concerns about milk supply, and work or care responsibilities. Expressed breast milk is an option when direct breastfeeding is not feasible.

When breast milk is unavailable or insufficient, infant formula provides a nutritionally adequate alternative under medical supervision. Global health policy also promotes responsible marketing of substitutes to protect breastfeeding.