blefarospasmin

Blepharospasm is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive contractions of the eyelid muscles. This can lead to forceful blinking or the eyes closing involuntarily, which can interfere with vision and daily activities. The exact cause of blepharospasm is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve abnormal signaling in the brain, particularly in the basal ganglia, which are involved in motor control. It is more common in women and typically begins in middle age.

Symptoms of blepharospasm usually start gradually, often with increased blinking or sensitivity to light (photophobia). Over time, the involuntary muscle contractions can become more severe and persistent. This can result in difficulty keeping the eyes open, leading to functional blindness, though the vision itself is usually unimpaired. The condition can be exacerbated by stress, fatigue, bright lights, or certain environmental factors.

Diagnosis of blepharospasm is typically made based on a clinical examination and the patient's medical history. There is no specific diagnostic test. Treatment aims to reduce the severity of the involuntary contractions and improve the patient's quality of life. Botulinum toxin injections are the most common and effective treatment. The toxin temporarily paralyzes the affected muscles, providing relief for several months at a time. Other treatments may include oral medications, behavioral therapy, or in severe cases, surgery.