bladesmithing

Bladesmithing is the craft of forging and shaping metal into blades designed for cutting or piercing. It spans knives, swords, razors, and other edged tools, and combines metalworking, heat treatment, and precision grinding to produce a blade with balanced hardness, toughness, and edge retention.

Historically, bladesmithing has deep roots in many cultures. European and Middle Eastern blade makers produced pattern-welded and high-carbon steel blades, while Japanese swordsmiths developed specialized processes and tamahagane steel for katana. In modern times, bladesmithing is practiced by hobbyists and artisans worldwide, often focusing on custom or small-batch work.

Materials and techniques: common steels include high-carbon alloys such as 1095 or 1084, tool steels like O1 or A2, and stainless grades. Techniques include forging, normalization, and quenching in oil or water, followed by tempering to achieve a balance of hardness and toughness. Some bladesmiths employ pattern welding or Damascus steel to create layered textures. Finishing steps involve grinding to shaping, then beveling the edge to intended geometry.

Tools and equipment: a forge or furnace, an anvil, blacksmith hammers, tongs, a grinder or belt sander, files, and a means of heat treatment. Safety equipment such as eye protection, gloves, and ventilation are essential due to hot metals and fumes.

Practice and culture: many bladesmiths build custom commissions, participate in competitions and shows, and share techniques via schools and communities. The field emphasizes craftsmanship, ethics, and safety, with variations across cultures and individual styles.