biofilmer

Biofilmer, commonly referred to as biofilms in English, are structured communities of microorganisms that attach to surfaces and are embedded in a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). The EPS matrix, consisting mainly of polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, slows diffusion, protects the cells, and helps maintain the community. Biofilms form on a wide range of natural and artificial surfaces where moisture and nutrients are present.

Formation typically proceeds through stages: initial reversible attachment of cells to a surface, irreversible attachment with EPS production, maturation into a three-dimensional structure with water channels, and eventual dispersion of cells to colonize new sites. Biofilms often harbor diverse microbial members that cooperate and compete, enhancing survival in varying environments. Quorum sensing and other signaling mechanisms can regulate gene expression within the community.

Biofilmer are common in many settings. In healthcare, they contribute to chronic infections and device-associated infections, as bacteria in biofilms can resist antibiotics and immune defenses. In industry, biofilms cause fouling, corrosion, and reduced efficiency in water systems and pipelines. In the environment, they drive nutrient cycling and can influence ecosystem processes.

Detection and control rely on microscopy, molecular assays, and surface-focused sampling. Management includes mechanical cleaning, chemical disinfectants, and coatings or treatments that disrupt EPS, such as enzymatic agents or quorum sensing inhibitors. Integrated strategies, often combining physical removal with targeted antimicrobials, are used to prevent biofilmer establishment and mitigate their impacts.