betygsskala

Betygsskala, literally meaning grading scale, is the system used to translate a student’s performance into a grade for a course or program. The scale chosen by a school, programme, or institution determines how results are recorded on a transcript and how those results are interpreted for progression, degree eligibility, and recognition of achievement. Scales can vary between levels (compulsory school, upper secondary school, and higher education) and between institutions.

The most common schemes currently in use include a letter-based scale and numeric or descriptive scales. A typical letter-based scale assigns grades from best to worst, such as A through F, where higher letters indicate stronger performance and F indicates failure. Some contexts also include an intermediate grade such as E as the lowest passing level, and special notations like Fx to signal failure with the possibility to resubmit or retake. In higher education, the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) uses a broader framework that commonly employs A–F and can include FX or F in some institutions to denote different outcomes on a failed assessment.

Numeric and percentage scales are still used in certain courses or institutions, particularly at the introductory level or in programs that emphasize quantitative evaluation. Descriptive or pass/fail scales are also found in some contexts, especially for non-graded components or in professional accreditation.

In practice, a betygsskala affects transcript notation, degree conferral, and eligibility for further study or employment. Institutions typically publish their grading policies and provide guidance on grade appeals and recognition of prior learning.