betraying

Betrayal, or betraying, is the act of being disloyal to someone who has trusted you, by breaking a confidence, breaking a promise, or acting in a way that harms their interests.

The term comes from Middle English, via Old French traïr, and is related to the noun traitor; it originally implied deception or handing someone over to an enemy.

Betrayal can occur in many domains: in personal relationships such as romantic, familial, or friendship contexts; in professional settings where confidentiality or loyalty is expected; and in political or ideological spheres involving treason or defection.

Motivation varies and may include conflicting loyalties, self-interest, resentment, coercion, or moral injury. Perceptions of betrayal depend on expectations, culture, and the strength of trust, making the experience highly subjective.

Consequences often include erosion of trust, damaged relationships, and social or organizational penalties; legal or disciplinary actions may follow in some contexts. Betrayal can produce long-lasting reputational harm and psychological distress for those involved.

Responses range from accountability, restitution, and transparent communication to forgiveness and reconciliation. Rebuilding trust typically requires consistent trustworthy behavior over time and, in some settings, formal safeguards to protect confidences.

In culture, betrayal is a common device in literature and film, shaping plots and character development. Notable examples include Iago in Shakespeare's Othello and Brutus in Julius Caesar.

Related concepts include treason, disloyalty, treachery, breach of confidence, and whistleblowing.