bestråling

Bestråling is the process of exposing matter to radiation, most commonly ionizing radiation such as gamma rays, X-rays, or beta particles. In scientific and safety contexts, bestråling refers to the transfer of energy to the material by radiation, which can cause ionization and chemical changes in the target.

Sources and methods vary. Radiation can originate from radioactive materials (for example cobalt-60 or cesium-137) in sealed or unsealed sources, or from particle accelerators that produce X-rays or electron beams. Bestråling can be external, with radiation arriving from outside the material, or internal/sealed, where the source is placed near or inside the object.

Applications are broad. In medicine, bestråling is used for diagnostic imaging (such as X-ray exams) and for treatment of cancer (radiation therapy). In industry, it is employed for sterilization of medical equipment and some foods, as well as for nondestructive testing and materials processing. Food irradiation uses controlled doses to reduce pathogens and extend shelf life. Research and manufacturing sectors use irradiation for materials modification and quality control.

Measurements and safety are essential. The absorbed dose is measured in gray (Gy), while the biological impact is often described in sievert (Sv). Protection relies on shielding, distance, and limiting exposure time, guided by the ALARA principle (as low as reasonably achievable). National authorities and international bodies such as the IAEA and ICRP publish guidelines on safe practice and dose limits.

Health considerations include the potential for DNA damage and long-term cancer risk at low doses, and acute effects at very high doses. Proper training, regulatory compliance, and safety culture are central to responsible use of bestråling.