berlian

Berlian is the Indonesian and Malay term for the gemstone known in English as diamond. The word refers to the transparent, crystalline form of carbon prized for its hardness and optical brilliance. In everyday usage, berlian denotes diamonds used in jewelry, such as berlian rings, necklaces, and earrings.

Properties and formation: Natural diamonds form deep in the Earth's mantle under high pressure and are transported to the surface through volcanic activity. Diamond ranks 10 on the Mohs scale, has a high refractive index and strong dispersion, and can be cut into many faceted shapes to maximize light return. Diamonds can also be synthesized in laboratories for industrial or jewelry purposes.

Use and trade: Diamond is used both as a gemstone and as an industrial material for cutting, grinding, and drilling due to its hardness. The diamond market relies on certification and traceability schemes, such as the Kimberley Process, to reduce the trade in conflict or illegally mined stones. Global production centers include several countries in Africa, Russia, Canada, and Australia, with major trading hubs in Antwerp, Tel Aviv, Mumbai, and New York.

Name usage: In cultural contexts berlian often symbolizes wealth, purity, and enduring value. The term appears in jewelry branding, media, and everyday language across Indonesia and Malaysia.