bartonela

Bartonella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that are intracellular parasites. These bacteria are transmitted to humans primarily through the bites of infected arthropod vectors, most commonly fleas and ticks. Some species are also transmitted through contact with infected animal saliva, urine, or blood, or via scratches from infected animals. The clinical manifestations of Bartonella infections in humans can vary widely depending on the specific species involved and the individual's immune status.

Commonly known Bartonella species include Bartonella henselae, which causes cat-scratch disease, and Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii, often associated with dog scratches. Cat-scratch disease typically presents with a localized papule or pustule at the site of a scratch or bite, followed by regional lymphadenopathy. Other Bartonella infections can lead to a range of symptoms including fever, fatigue, headaches, rash, and in immunocompromised individuals, more severe conditions like endocarditis, neuroretinitis, and bacillary angiomatosis. Diagnosis often involves serological tests to detect antibodies against the bacteria or molecular methods like PCR. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, with the choice and duration depending on the specific infection and patient factors. Prevention strategies focus on avoiding animal scratches and bites, controlling flea and tick populations, and practicing good hygiene.