ballastwater

Ballast water is water carried in ballast tanks aboard ships to control stability, trim, and buoyancy when a vessel is not carrying cargo. It allows ships to maintain safe handling, structural integrity, and appropriate draft during loading, unloading, and rough seas. Ballast operations are common across commercial vessels, including container ships, bulk carriers, tankers, and ferries. Ballast tanks can also accumulate sediments and organisms, which can be transported to new locations.

The discharge of ballast water can introduce non-native aquatic species and pathogens into new ecosystems. These introductions can alter habitats, outcompete native species, clog infrastructure, affect fisheries, and incur economic costs for ports and water management. Because ballast water is a major vector for invasive organisms, international and national authorities regulate its management and discharge.

Regulatory frameworks and management practices aim to reduce ecological risks. The International Maritime Organization’s Ballast Water Management Convention requires ships to implement ballast water management plans and install ballast water treatment systems, and it sets discharge standards for viable organisms. The convention, along with regional and national regulations, guides port state controls and vessel inspections to verify compliance.

Treatment technologies and practices vary. Ships may perform ballast water exchange in open ocean to reduce the number of coastal organisms carried in tanks. Modern ships increasingly use ballast water management systems that combine physical treatment (filtration) with disinfection (ultraviolet light, chemical dosing, or other methods) to remove or render organisms non-viable. Some systems address ballast tank sediments, which may be removed or treated separately. Ongoing maintenance, testing, and certification ensure continued effectiveness and compliance.