axonometry

Axonometry is a family of graphical projection techniques used to represent three-dimensional objects on two-dimensional media. In an axonometric drawing, the object is rotated relative to the projection plane so that the three principal axes are visible, and the projection lines are parallel rather than converging to a vanishing point.

Common forms include isometric, dimetric, and trimetric projections. In isometric projection, the three axes are foreshortened equally and separated by 120 degrees on the drawing; in dimetric projection, two axes share the same scale while the third is different; in trimetric projection, all three axes have distinct scales.

Historically, axonometry originated in 19th-century descriptive geometry and has been used widely in engineering drawings, architectural plans, and cartography. It remains a standard method for quick, unambiguous representation of complex shapes and for CAD and 3D modeling workflows that require projection to 2D plane without perspective. In computer graphics, axonometric projections are also used to render scenes in 2D displays with a formal grid, as in isometric video games.

In summary, axonometry provides a parallel, distortion-controlled depiction that reveals the form and relationships of a 3D object without perspective distortion. It is valued for technical clarity and quick communication in design and analysis.