autoklaf

Autoklaf, also spelled autoclave in many languages, is a pressure vessel used to sterilize equipment and other objects by applying saturated steam at high temperature and pressure. The moist heat kills microorganisms by denaturing proteins, making autoclaves effective against bacteria, spores, and viruses.

Typical operating conditions include 121°C (250°F) at about 15 psi (roughly 0.98 bar above atmospheric) for 15–20 minutes, or 134°C (273°F) at about 2–3 bar for shorter times, depending on the load and material. Liquids and certain items require vented cycles to prevent boiling over, while dense or wrapped loads may need longer exposure. Proper drying after exposure improves sterility assurance.

Designs vary: gravity displacement autoclaves rely on steam to push air out of the chamber, whereas pre-vacuum or dynamic air removal autoclaves use vacuum cycles to remove air more efficiently and shorten cycles. Units range from small benchtop models used in laboratories to large hospital or industrial vessels.

Process elements typically include loading and sealing the chamber, heat-up to temperature, exposure ( sterilization) phase, rapid depressurization, and drying. Material compatibility is a key consideration; heat-sensitive items or materials that corrode with moisture may be unsuitable.

Applications span healthcare and dentistry (surgical instruments, gowns, swabs), microbiology and research laboratories (culture media, glassware), pharmaceutical manufacturing, and the sterilization of biohazard waste. Autoclave validation and monitoring are essential for safety and efficacy, using biological indicators and routine parameter checks.

Standards and guidance commonly referenced include ISO 17665 for moist-heat sterilization, ISO 11134 for sterilizers, and EN 13060 for small steam sterilizers. Regular maintenance and evidence of validated performance are needed to ensure consistent sterilization outcomes.